2019-08-16

7 minutes read (About 1106 words)

Some Modern C++ Techniques

Some code and techniques in modern C++(11, 14, 17, 20(just 2a)).

Structured Binding

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

struct Node {
    int v, w;
};

int main() {
    std::vector<Node> vec{{1, 2}, {3, 4}};
    for (auto &[v, w] : vec) {
        w += v;
        std::cout << v << ' ' << w << '\n';
    }
}

Fold Expressions

unary left fold

... op args $\rightarrow$ ((e1 op e2) op ...) op en

template <typename... Args>
auto sum(Args &&... args) {
    return (... + args);
}

template <typename... Args>
auto sub(Args &&... args) {
    return (... - args);
}

int main() {
    std::cout << sum(1, 2, 3, 4) << std::endl;  // (((1 + 2) + 3) + 4)
    std::cout << sub(1, 2, 3, 4) << std::endl;  // (((1 - 2) - 3) - 4)
    return 0;
}

unary right fold

args op ... $\rightarrow$ e1 op (... op (en-1 op en))

template <typename... Args>
auto sum(Args &&... args) {
    return (args + ...);
}

template <typename... Args>
auto sub(Args &&... args) {
    return (args - ...);
}

int main() {
    std::cout << sum(1, 2, 3, 4) << std::endl;  // (1 + (2 + (3 + 4)))
    std::cout << sub(1, 2, 3, 4) << std::endl;  // (1 - (2 - (3 - 4)))
    return 0;
}

binary left fold

I op ... op args $\rightarrow$ ((I op e1) op ...) op en

template <typename... Args>
auto sub(Args &&... args) {
    return (1 - ... - args);
}

int main() {
    std::cout << sub(2, 3, 4) << std::endl;  // (((1 - 2) - 3) - 4)
    return 0;
}

binary right fold

args op ... op I $\rightarrow$ e1 op (... op (en op I))

template <typename... Args>
auto sub(Args &&... args) {
    return (args - ... - 1);
}

int main() {
    std::cout << sub(2, 3, 4) << std::endl;  // (2 - (3 - (4 - 1)))
    return 0;
}

Numeric Init

1	int a = 1'000'000;

User-Defined Literals

#include <iostream>

constexpr long double operator"" _deg(long double deg) {
    return deg * 3.14159265358979323846264L / 180;
}

int main() {
    double x = 90.0_deg;
    std::cout << x << '\n';
}

Template Argument Deduction

std::pair p = {1, 5.2};  // p is a std::pair<int, double>

std::vector v1{1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
std::vector v2(v1.begin(), v1.end());

Variable Templates

1 2	template <typename T> constexpr T x = 1;

Aliases

template <typename T>
using StringMap = std::map<std::string, T>;

StringMap<int> map;  // map is a std::map<std::string, int>

Compile-Time if

Consider writing an operation that can use one of two operations slowAndSafe(T) or simpleAndFast(T).

template<typename T>
void update(T &target) {
    if constexpr(std::is_pod<T>::value)
        simpleAndFast(target); // for "plain old data"
    else
        slowAndSafe(target);
}

Variadic Templates

template <typename T, typename... Tail>
void print(T head, Tail... tail) {
    // what we do for each argument, e.g.,
    std::cout << head << ' ';
    if constexpr (sizeof...(tail) > 0) print(tail...);
}

Essential Operations

class X {
   public:
    X(Sometype);              // "ordinary constructor": create an object
    X();                      // default constructor
    X(const X &);             // copy constructor
    X(X &&);                  // move constructor
    X &operator=(const X &);  // copy assignment: clean up target and copy
    X &operator=(X &&);       // move assignment: clean up target and move
    ~X();                     // destructor: clean up
    // ...
};

use = default to generate default constructor, use = delete to delete operations.

Conversions

use explicit to eliminate implicit conversions.

class Vector {
   public:
    explicit Vector(int);  // no implicit conversion from int to Vector
};

Member Initializers

When a data member of a class is defined, we can supply a default initializer called a default member initializer.

struct Point {
    double x = 0;
    double y = 0;
};

String

Literals

#include <string>

using namespace std::literals::string_literals;

int main() {
    auto s = "123"s;  // std::string
    return 0;
}

String Views

a string_view is basically a (pointer, length) pair denoting a sequence of characters:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std::literals::string_literals;
using namespace std::literals::string_view_literals;

std::string cat(std::string_view sv1, std::string_view sv2) {
    std::string res(sv1.length() + sv2.length(), '\0');
    char *p = res.data();
    for (char c : sv1)  // one way to copy
        *p++ = c;
    std::copy(sv2.begin(), sv2.end(), p);  // another way
    return res;
}

int main() {
    std::string king = "Harold";
    auto s1 = cat(king, "William");        // string and const char *
    auto s2 = cat(king, king);             // string and string
    auto s3 = cat("Edward", "Stephen"sv);  // const char *and string_view
    auto s4 = cat("Canute"sv, king);
    auto s5 = cat({&king[0], 2}, "Henry"sv);      // HaHenry
    auto s6 = cat({&king[0], 2}, {&king[2], 4});  // Harold
    return 0;
}

Utilities

unique_ptr and shared_ptr

1 2	std::unique_ptr<int> a = std::make_unique<int>(1); auto p = std::make_shared<int>(1);

move

template <typename T>
void swap(T &a, T &b) {
    T tmp{std::move(a)};
    a = std::move(b);
    b = std::move(tmp);
}

Perfect forwarding

template <typename T, typename... Args>
std::unique_ptr<T> make_unique(Args &&... args) {
    return std::unique_ptr<T>{new T{std::forward<Args>(args)...}};  // forward each argument
}

variant

#include <iostream>
#include <variant>

int main() {
    std::variant<int, float> v;
    v = 1.0f;
    if (std::holds_alternative<int>(v)) {
        std::cout << std::get<int>(v);
    } else {
        std::cout << std::fixed << std::get<float>(v);
    }
    return 0;
}

optional

#include <iostream>
#include <optional>

std::optional<int> get(int x) {
    if (x < 0) return std::nullopt;
    return x;
}

int main() {
    auto x = get(-1);
    std::cout << x.value_or(0);
    x = get(1);
    if (x) std::cout << *x;
    return 0;
}

any

The class any describes a type-safe container for single values of any type.

#include <any>
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    std::cout << std::boolalpha;

    // any type
    std::any a = 1;
    std::cout << a.type().name() << ": " << std::any_cast<int>(a) << '\n';
    a = 3.14;
    std::cout << a.type().name() << ": " << std::any_cast<double>(a) << '\n';
    a = true;
    std::cout << a.type().name() << ": " << std::any_cast<bool>(a) << '\n';

    // bad cast
    try {
        a = 1;
        std::cout << std::any_cast<float>(a) << '\n';
    } catch (const std::bad_any_cast &e) {
        std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
    }

    // has value
    a = 1;
    if (a.has_value()) {
        std::cout << a.type().name() << '\n';
    }

    // reset
    a.reset();
    if (!a.has_value()) {
        std::cout << "no value\n";
    }

    // pointer to contained data
    a = 1;
    int *i = std::any_cast<int>(&a);
    std::cout << *i << "\n";
}

Time

#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <cmath>
#include <thread>

int main() {
    using namespace std::chrono_literals;
    auto func = []() {
        double ret = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) ret += sin(i);
        return ret;
    };
    auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    std::cout << func() << std::endl;
    auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    std::cout << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start).count()
              << "ms\n";
    start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(10ms + 33us);
    end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    std::cout << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end - start).count()
              << "us\n";
}

mem_fn

Function template std::mem_fn generates wrapper objects for pointers to members, which can store, copy, and invoke a pointer to member. Both references and pointers (including smart pointers) to an object can be used when invoking a std::mem_fn.

#include <functional>
#include <iostream>

struct Foo {
    void greet() { std::cout << "Hello, world.\n"; }
    void number(int i) { std::cout << "number: " << i << '\n'; }
    int data = 7;
};

int main() {
    Foo f;
    auto greet = std::mem_fn(&Foo::greet);
    greet(f);
    auto print = std::mem_fn(&Foo::number);
    print(f, 42);
    auto data = std::mem_fn(&Foo::data);
    std::cout << "data: " << data(f) << '\n';
}

enable_if

#include <functional>
#include <iostream>

template <typename T>
struct SmartPointer {
    T &operator*();
    std::enable_if<std::is_class_v<T>(), T &> operator->();
    // is defined if and only if T is a class
};

gcd and lcm

#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>

int main() { std::cout << std::gcd(6, 9) << ' ' << std::lcm(6, 9); }

mutex

shared_mutex

#include <iostream>
#include <shared_mutex>

std::shared_mutex mutex;  // a mutex that can be shared

void reader() {
    std::shared_lock lock{mutex};  // willing to share access with other readers
    // ... read ...
}
void writer() {
    std::unique_lock lck{mutex};  // needs exclusive(unique) access
    // ... write ...
}

# Language, Note